Recent years, High-SPEED railway has become a hot topic of railway development. Many countries in the world have built relatively complete high-SPEED railway networks. Each of them enjoys its own efficient traffic organization system and method, as well as a theory of station distribution layout. Based on the railway traffic conditions in China, the designer is adopting special procedure for building high SPEED railway especially in the congestion traffic area. One of procedure steps is separating between passengers and freights lines. The combined of high SPEED railway station with traffic, passing capacity and travel SPEEDs for various types of train, is the aim of most present studies. How to align the distribution layout of the stations developed during the high-SPEED railway construction process with unique traffic organization model, sectional passing capacity, and travel SPEEDs of various types of trains has attracted great attentions at present.This study calculates time consumption depending on the different gradients sections between two following stations. The result is found a model for time consumption for six vertical PROFILEs. The model is presented as a quadratic function for each PROFILE. The model result shows that time consumption increases with the increasing of gradient value.

Present study is an extension of earlier work carried out on two-lane two way roads in the two provinces of Pakistan i.e. N-25, N-55 and N-5 regarding the measure of operating SPEED and development of operating SPEED prediction models. Curved sections of two-lane rural highways are the main location of run-off road accidents. In addition to that the road alignment having combination of geometric elements may be more harmful to the drivers than the successive features with adequate separation. This study is carried out on two-lane two- way road along N-65 (from Sibi to Quetta). Three sections are selected for study with thirty three horizontal curves. Continuous SPEED PROFILE data was recorded with the help of VBox (GPS based device) which was attached with a vehicle to detect vehicle position through satellite signals. VBox is new equipment with modern technology in this field and it helps in recording continuous SPEED PROFILE and saving of this information on the computer as a permanent record. Through the regression analysis, models were developed for estimation of operating SPEED on horizontal curves and on tangent, and estimation of maximum SPEED reduction from tangent to curve. The validation of developed model shows compatibility with the experimental data.

Rail transit plays an increasingly important role in the public transportation system, and effectively reducing its huge energy consumption is of great practical significance. Wider use of public transport, particularly rail and metro, is one way to save energy. A growing trend of applying the rail network and metro by governments on one hand and the considerable energy consumption of a train during one year, on the other hand, demonstrate the necessity of considering the consumed energy by train. Railway transportation consumes amounts of energy. Direct energy consumption to complete the transport tasks is the main part of energy consumption of rail transportation, especially the traction system, which leads to the railway transportation costly. Optimization of the train SPEED curve plays an important role in minimizing train energy consumption. In this paper, first, there was a review on models of train energy optimization with different characteristics and corresponding other algorithms to find the optimum SPEED PROFILE and accuracy of them, Second Tabu Search (TS) algorithm as a new approach for optimizing the train SPEED PROFILE to save energy will be investigated. In this approach, after determining the appropriate points of acceleration, neural and braking, a SPEED PROFILE in which train could cover its route with minimum energy consumption will be achieved. We call these points "the variables for changing the training strategy. The algorithm was implemented in alternative routes. In this study, the simulations of the proposed method are implemented in MATLAB software and are finally compared with the Genetic Algorithm method.

High consumption of electric energy in urban railway systems have prompted many researchers to look for strategies of energy saving. Suitable service with high SPEED and accuracy is what passengers, as the main costumers of these systems, anticipate. In this regard, energy-efficient train operation due to its considering energy saving and punctuality simultaneously, is very important. In this paper, a solution for energy saving is proposed, so that the constraints related to traveling time are met. Meanwhile, the effect of employing variable regenerative energy recovery rate for each inter-station distance was shown in reducing total input energy of network. This work is conducted over a two-stage optimization process. First, considering the net energy of train and inter-station trip time as the objective functions, optimal SPEED PROFILEs were provided for single train system. Then, by distributing traveling time over the inter-stations and using predetermined optimal SPEED PROFILEs, the total input energy of the upstream network is minimized. The simulation results, based on actual operating data of line 1 Mashhad urban railway system confirm the effectiveness of proposed method.

Considering that the traction system is main factor of energy consumption in the train, and amount of force required for moving the train is directly related to its SPEED, therefore, the optimal PROFILE selection for the SPEED of the train movement, in the path between the stations and the design of the controller for accurate tracing The optimal PROFILE of the train SPEED, can be a determinant of the amount of energy consumed. Control of a train includes the non-linear, uncertainty and external disturbances terms that should be considered in the design of control rules. In this thesis, we present a control strategy for tracking optimal PROFILE of train SPEED, based on the fuzzy sliding mode control (FSMC). The main motive of use the Sliding Mode Control (SMC), in non-linear systems, its resistance to parametric uncertainties, unmodeled dynamics, external disturbances and as well as the simplicity of its design. However, the occurrence of chattering phenomenon is the most important limiting factors the use of this control method. In this thesis to remove the chattering, fuzzy control is used to estimate the reaching control signal and the stability of the entire system is also guaranteed on the basis of the Lyapunov stability theorem Numerical simulations using the nonlinear dynamics model of the train, despite the uncertainty and disturbance, and comparing it with the conventional SMC, show the effectiveness of the FSMC method in tracing the optimal train SPEED PROFILE.

localization plays a significant role in lots of underwater applications. Underwater communications encounter critical challenges different from terrestrial wireless sensor networks. In this study, we focus on the challenges of the variable sound SPEED underwater and synchronization. Among localization approaches, the received signal strength (RSS) is cost-effective and, unlike time-based approaches is synchronization-free. In some applications, the source transmitted power is unknown or hard to obtain. While this parameter is required to be known in RSS-based approaches, it is not a requirement in differential RSS (DRSS) based approaches. Regarding these issues, in this paper, we propose a DRSS-based localization algorithm considering an iso-gradient sound SPEED PROFILE in an underwater medium when the source transmitted power is unknown. To improve the received signals’ SNR, we use a network of sensor arrays where beamforming is conducted within each array. Then, DRSS values are calculated and the iterative DRSS-based localization algorithm is presented. We show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm compared with the Array-RSS and the Array-TDOA algorithms via computer simulations. Results indicate that the Array-DRSS performs accurately when the source transmitted power is unknown. Moreover, it outperforms the Array-TDOA algorithm when low bandwidth is available.

Switched reluctance motor (SRM) drive has remarkable characteristics that make it ‎attractive for high-SPEED applications. As the motors SPEED increases the shape of the ‎current waveform changes in such way that limits the production of motoring torque. ‎At high SPEEDs, it is possible for the phase current never reaches the desired value due ‎to the self e.m.f. of the motor, therefore, the torque falls off. In order to remedy this ‎problem, the phase turn on angle is advanced in such way that the phase commutation ‎begins sooner. Advancing the commutation angle offers the advantages of getting the ‎current into the phase vinding while the inductance of the phase is low, and also of ‎having a little more time to get the current out of the phase vinding before the rotor ‎reaches the negative torque region. Since the SRM drive is a variable SPEED motor ‎then, the amount of advancing for the turn on angle should be accomplished ‎automatically according to the SPEED of the motor, meaning, as the motor SPEED ‎increases so should the turn on angle and vice versa. In this respect, this paper ‎introduces an electronic governor using a P.L.L. module in conjunction with a micro ‎controller to achieve this task for a desired SPEED/advancement angle PROFILE, which is ‎considered to be linear in this study. The governor causes 0-14 degrees automatic ‎adjustment in the turn on angle from stand still to a pre-set SPEED for a SR motor. A ‎linear analysis of the current waveform for the motor under different advancements of ‎the turn on angle has been performed and the plots are shown. Finally, the ‎experimental results of employing the governor on a 6 x 4 SRM drive are presented‏.‏

This study proposed to compare the isokinetic performance PROFILE of knee and ankle joint muscles in professional and amateur SPEED skaters. Sixteen SPEED skaters divided into two groups of amateurs and professionals were included in this survey. Isokinetic parameters of ankle and knee joints evaluated by using the Biodex isokinetic dynamometer. Shapiro-Wilk and independent t-test were applied for statistical analysis at the significant level of , ≤, 0. 05. Independent sample t-test results showed a significant difference in isokinetic parameters such as the power of knee extensor muscle (P=0. 036), power (P=0. 001) and deceleration time (P=0. 000) in inversion and eversion movement between amateur and professionals. It seems that the significant difference between professional and amateur SPEED skaters in isokinetic parameters is related to neuromuscular ability (power and deceleration time of invertor and evertor muscles groups). It is suggested that these parameters be considered in the training of this group of athletes.

in this research, their effects on the flight of airplanes were investigated. The study area is the country of Iran, and the flight routes of Kermanshah, Ahvaz and BandarAbbas to Tehran. The research data includes maps of the Vertical Transect (PROFILE) of the jet stream, the daily average of the Zonal wind (U-Wind) and meridional wind (V-Wind) components for the winter period of 2018 through NOAA/NCEP environmental databases. Also, flight route information was received from FlightRadar24 and Flightaware systems. First, by using Vertical Transect maps, the days containing strong U-Wind were extracted, and the average position of the core of the Jet Streams in the Zonal and meridional wind components, the Tropospheric level of 200 HP was detected. The list of flights was prepared, and the Zonal Wind maps were produced. Finally, the height of the flights was compared with the level of the currents of the Jet Streams, and the influence or lack of influence of the Jet Streams on the flights was studied. According to the results of the research, all the Jet Streams caused turbulence for all flights, and they caused a decrease in the SPEED of flights between Ahvaz and BandarAbbas to Tehran and an increase in the SPEED of flights between Kermanshah and Tehran according to the direction and type of Jet Streams. It was also found that all the Jet Streams had a SPEED of more than 90 knots, so the capacity to create tension and turbulence such as CAT was seen in them